academic-writing-style

---
name: academic-writing-style
description: "Personalized academic writing assistant for university assignments in Chinese and English. Three modes: write new drafts, revise/polish existing drafts to remove AI markers, and learn the user's own style from writing samples. Always writes in plain language with short sentences. Triggers: academic writing, assignment, report, technical analysis, research review, case study, revise, polish, rewrite, reduce AI tone, match my style. | 个性化学术写作助手，适用于中英文大学作业。三种模式：新写、润色改写（降低AI痕迹）、学习用户文风。行文朴素，少用长难句。触发词：学术写作、作业、报告、技术分析、研究综述、案例研究、项目文档、润色、改写、降低AI痕迹、模仿我的文风。"
---

# Academic Writing Style

Transform provided information into well-written academic assignments that match the user's natural writing style, avoiding obvious AI patterns while maintaining professional quality.

## Core Approach

**Plain writing comes first (hard rule).** Whatever the assignment, write in plain language and avoid long, complex sentences. This applies to every document type, every mode, and both languages. A style profile never relaxes it. Chinese: most sentences under 40 characters, split anything over 60. English: average 15–20 words, rarely over 25, at most one subordinate clause per sentence. No stacked idioms, flowery metaphors, or grand openings. Full standard: `references/writing-guidelines.md` (principle 1).

Beyond that, generate content that reads naturally and fluently, with:
- Clear chapter organization using descriptive headings
- Natural topic progression without rigid "firstly...secondly...finally" structures
- Moderate use of first-person perspective appropriate to assignment type
- Specific examples and details rather than generic statements
- Mostly short sentences, with some variation in rhythm
- Proper punctuation for target language (Chinese or English)

## Choose the Mode

Decide the mode from the user's request before anything else:

| Mode | When | What to do |
|------|------|------------|
| **A. Write new** | User gives a topic, outline, or materials | Follow the writing process below |
| **B. Revise / polish** | User gives an existing draft to improve, polish, rewrite, or "de-AI" | Diagnose → rewrite → save `<name>-revised.md`. Light polish by default; deep rewrite when asked |
| **C. Learn style** | User gives samples of their own past writing | Build `style-profile.md`, then use it in mode A or B |

Modes B and C have detailed steps in `references/revision-and-style.md`. Read it whenever B or C applies. Mode C can combine with A or B.

**Priority when rules conflict:** school or instructor format requirements > plain-writing rule > user style profile > this skill's defaults.

If `outputs/<project-name>/writing/style-profile.md` already exists, read it before writing.

## Before Writing

1. **Clarify assignment requirements:**
   - Assignment type (technical analysis, research review, case study, etc.)
   - Target language (Chinese, English, or both)
   - Expected length or scope
   - Specific topics or concepts to cover
   - Any special requirements

2. **Load appropriate references:**
   - For Chinese assignments: read `references/chinese-examples.md`
   - For English assignments: read `references/english-examples.md`
   - Always read `references/writing-guidelines.md` for core principles
   - Always read `references/ai-markers.md` for the AI-marker checklist
   - For modes B and C: read `references/revision-and-style.md`

3. **Assess personalization level:**
   - Technical analyses: More objective, minimal first-person
   - Research reviews: Moderate personal voice
   - Case studies: Higher personalization appropriate with reflections

## Writing Process

### Outline First for Longer Pieces

In mode A, when the target length is 1500+ Chinese characters or 1000+ English words, or the requirements are unclear, show an outline before writing:
- Chapter headings
- One sentence on what each chapter covers
- Estimated length per chapter

Wait for the user to confirm or adjust it. Short pieces can be written directly.

### Writing Long Documents in Sections

For long documents, write one chapter at a time into the same file: create the file with the first chapter, then append each later chapter. Keep a short note of key terms and style choices (term spellings, first-person form, numbering) so later chapters stay consistent. After the last chapter, read the whole document once and fix the transitions between chapters.

### Structure Development

Create descriptive chapter headings that preview content rather than generic labels:
- Instead of "Introduction" → "Docker and the Container Revolution: A Practical Perspective"
- Instead of "Analysis" → "从繁琐到简洁：Spring Boot如何改变Java开发"
- Instead of "Conclusion" → "Migrating a Production Database: Lessons from a Zero-Downtime PostgreSQL Switch"

Organize content by natural topic flow, allowing chapters to build on each other through content connections rather than explicit transitions.

### Paragraph Construction

Integrate information into flowing paragraphs instead of lists. When information naturally forms a list, embed it in prose:

**Avoid:**
The key advantages include:
- Performance improvement
- Cost reduction
- Scalability enhancement

**Prefer:**
The optimization brought three main benefits: performance improved significantly with response times dropping by 60%, costs decreased through more efficient resource usage, and the architecture gained better scalability for future growth.

### Transitions and Flow

Connect paragraphs through:
- **Topic extension:** Last concept of previous paragraph continues in next
- **Natural contrast:** Present contrasting ideas without heavy transition words
- **Implicit questions:** Address unstated questions the content raises
- **Chapter breaks:** Use chapter divisions to signal major topic shifts

Explicit transition words like "however", "furthermore", "此外", "然而" are not banned, but they should not become the default way to open paragraphs. Use them sparingly and let content carry the flow.

### Incorporating Examples and Details

Make writing concrete through:
- Specific metrics: "response time dropped from 8 seconds to 2 seconds"
- Real cases: "Netflix split their monolith into hundreds of microservices over several years"
- Technical details: "the query involved 7 table joins and generated N+1 query problems"
- Personal observations: "in my experience, this approach works well for..." (use sparingly)

### Language Calibration

**For Chinese writing:**
- Keep most sentences under 40 characters; split anything over 60
- No more than three "的" in one sentence; no run-on sentences joined by many commas
- Use proper Chinese punctuation: ，。：""
- Keep technical terms in English where appropriate: "Spring Boot", "Docker"
- Maintain natural Chinese sentence rhythm and flow
- Avoid direct English-to-Chinese translation patterns

**For English writing (IELTS 6.0 level):**
- Prefer common over complex vocabulary: "use" instead of "utilize"
- Average 15–20 words per sentence; rarely exceed 25
- At most one subordinate clause per sentence
- Use clear, direct constructions; prefer verbs over nominalizations ("decide", not "make a decision")
- Define acronyms on first use: "Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)"
- Mix sentence lengths for readability

### First-Person Usage

Use first-person perspective strategically:
- Describing practical experience: "笔者在项目中遇到过..." / "from my experience..."
- Expressing informed opinions: "我认为..." / "I found that..."
- Case study reflections: "如果重新设计，我会..." / "looking back, I would..."

Maintain objectivity for:
- Technical explanations of principles
- Literature review content
- Pure technical analysis

## Quality Verification

Before finalizing, run the self-check in `references/ai-markers.md`:
1. **Sentence length:** check every paragraph and split sentences over the limits (Chinese 60 characters, English 25 words)
2. **High-frequency AI words:** scan for the listed words; rewrite any that repeat or open/close paragraphs
3. **Patterns and structure:** read through for the listed sentence patterns and structural issues
4. **Reread:** confirm meaning, facts, and data are unchanged

Then verify:
- Language is plain; no stacked idioms, flowery metaphors, or formal jargon
- No "firstly...secondly...finally" structures present
- Minimal use of bullet points (only when absolutely necessary)
- Paragraphs connect naturally through content
- Specific examples and details included throughout
- Chapter headings are descriptive and informative
- First-person usage is appropriate and not excessive
- Punctuation matches target language conventions
- Mostly short sentences, with some variation
- Language avoids obvious AI markers
- Technical terminology used accurately and consistently

## Special Considerations

**For bilingual assignments (both Chinese and English versions needed):**
- Write each version independently, not as direct translation
- Adapt examples and phrasing to each language's natural patterns
- Maintain consistent technical accuracy across both versions
- Adjust formality level appropriately for each language context

**For technical analysis:**
- Reduce personal voice, increase objectivity
- Focus on technical accuracy and detailed explanation
- Use concrete examples from real systems or projects
- Balance accessibility with technical precision

**For research reviews:**
- Synthesize sources into narrative rather than listing them
- Show connections and evolution of ideas
- Acknowledge debates and different perspectives
- Maintain critical but balanced tone

**For case studies:**
- Provide rich contextual details
- Include specific challenges encountered
- Reflect on lessons learned (appropriate place for first-person)
- Balance description with analysis

## File Output Convention

### Output Directory Convention

**Recommended Approach (Following Claude Code Official Standards):**

Save all academic writing outputs to `outputs/<project-name>/writing/`:

```
outputs/
└── <project-name>/              # Project name (e.g., cloud-computing-analysis)
    └── writing/
        ├── technical-analysis.md    # Technical analysis report
        ├── research-review.md       # Research review document
        ├── case-study.md            # Case study report
        └── project-documentation.md # Project documentation
```

**Example:**
```
outputs/
├── cloud-computing-analysis/
│   └── writing/
│       └── technical-analysis.md
├── ai-ethics-research/
│   └── writing/
│       └── research-review.md
└── database-optimization-case/
    └── writing/
        └── case-study.md
```

**Alternative Approach (Traditional Project Structure):**

If your project has an existing directory structure, you can also use:

```
project-root/
└── docs/
    ├── technical-analysis.md
    ├── research-review.md
    └── case-study.md
```

### Output File List

Generate documents based on assignment type:

**Technical Analysis:**
- `technical-analysis.md` - Technical analysis report

**Research Review:**
- `research-review.md` - Research review document

**Case Study:**
- `case-study.md` - Case study report

**Project Documentation:**
- `project-documentation.md` - Project documentation

**Revision (mode B):**
- `<original-name>-revised.md` - Revised draft, saved next to the original (or in `outputs/<project-name>/writing/` for pasted text), plus a short change summary

**Style learning (mode C):**
- `style-profile.md` - Reusable style profile in `outputs/<project-name>/writing/`

### File Naming Convention

- Use kebab-case: `cloud-computing-technical-analysis.md`
- Include version/date when needed: `research-review-v1.0.md`
- Use descriptive names: `database-optimization-case-study.md`
- Specify language if bilingual: `technical-analysis-en.md`, `technical-analysis-zh.md`

### Delivery Summary

After generating the document, provide a brief summary:
- Mode used (new / revised / style-matched)
- Document type and target language
- Word count and chapter structure
- Key topics covered
- Writing style characteristics applied
- File save location confirmation

## References

Detailed examples and guidelines available in:
- `references/chinese-examples.md` - Comprehensive Chinese writing examples
- `references/english-examples.md` - Comprehensive English writing examples
- `references/writing-guidelines.md` - Core writing principles and techniques (plain-writing standard first)
- `references/ai-markers.md` - AI-marker checklist with replacements and self-check steps
- `references/revision-and-style.md` - Detailed steps for revision (mode B) and style learning (mode C)